THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WINNING AND LOSING IN SILAT 28TH 2015 SEA GAMES SINGAPORE (MALAYSIA MEN’S CLASS E AND H)
Shapie, M. N. M (1,2) & YAKOB, R. (1)
1.Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor.
Shapie, M. N. M (1,2) & YAKOB, R. (1)
ABSTRACT
This is study describing the relationship between
winning and losing in silat 28th 2015 sea games Singapore during competitive
matches like quarterfinal, semi-final and final and profile of elite silat
exponent of a pencak silat. This study had been analyse between four different
match with 4 different countries. Basically, this study more analyse to
Malaysia team elite silat exponent which is men's class E and H. Elite silat exponents’ physiological
attributes were assessed this suggests that competitive silat matches are
characterised by their motion categories like punch, kick, block, catch,
topple, sweep, dodge, self-release, block and punch, block and kick, block and
sweep, fake punch, fake kick and others. Generally, sport of pencak silat is
same likes the others of martial art which used body posture and technique in
performance but only different in term of their motion categories.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Many Asian martial art forms are becoming popular in the
Western hemisphere (Theeboom and De Knop, 1999). One form that is gaining international
recognition is pencak silat, or simply silat. This art of self-defence is
indigenous to the ethnic Malays and has its origins in South East Asia, dating
as far back as the 13th century (Ku Ahmad and Wong, 1978). Historically, silat was
practiced by the native people in their struggle against their colonial rulers.
With the withdrawal of the latter, silat gradually turned into a cultural
activity and was used for ceremonial and recreational purposes. This
traditional art form had since been modified into a structured competitive
sport. The sport’s world controlling body, the International Pencak Silat
Federation includes member countries such as the US, Japan and many European
nations (International Pencak Silat Federation, 1999).
The requirement and prescription of training programmes
for sport especially pencak silat requires an understanding of the
physiological requirements of the match. Various forms of time motion analyses
have been used widely to estimate the nature of specific
intermittent high intensity and low intensity activities as they relate to the
energy requirements of the sports. Therefore, it is important to analyse the
motion of pencak silat whether it more too high intensity or low intensity and
relate to energy requirements in the match.
2.0 MATERIALS AND METHOD
Match analysis
A publicly available video recording for four silat
match with different country can get from media social was used for the
analysis. This four silat match was a men's class E and D. Subsequent player
motion analysis was carried out with repeated the video sequences of the silat
match. The video could be paused and played back frame-byframe for ease of use.
Silat exponent motion was subjectively categorised by an experienced
observational analyst for silat competition. Information could be entered into
the computer system using a ‘Mouse’, via representation on the screen of the
silat match, and specially designed screen functions for each exponent (red or
blue), action and outcome for each activity. The commencement and completion of
each individual action period was recorded and the duration was calculated by
spreadsheet programming allowing durations (differences between action period
end and start times) to be computed. The frequency and mean were subsequently
calculated. An intra-operator reliability study of fights was undertaken to
establish the reliability of the method.
Motion categories
Silat exponent’s
motions were coded into 14 different types of categories and were defined as
follows:
Punch:
The punch
‘tumbuk’ attack is done by a hand with a closed fist hitting the target. In
silat punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch
‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to the exponent body’s.
Kick:
The kick
‘tendang / terajang’ is an attacking movement which is performed with one leg
or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front
kick ‘ tendang depan’, side-kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick ‘tendang
lengkar’.
Block:
The blocking
movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent stands
straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or
parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose
to block off or striking back at any attack.
Catch:
The catch
‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to ob struct the opponent from carrying
out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from being
attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction. A
catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which
could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist is also
forbidden. These regulations exist to protect the silat exponent’s.
Topple:
There are
various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent
‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from
the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his
balance. Every fall is considered valid as long as the silat exponent topples
his opponent down without wrestling or he is able to overpower the opponent
whom he has brought down.
Sweep:
Swiping ‘sapuan’
involves attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground to unstabilise him
and bring down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform this attacking
movement either with his right or left leg, Hence, front sweep ‘sapuan depan’
is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an opponent’s front leg, while
back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’ is carried out by swinging the leg backward to hit
the back leg.
Evade/Dodge:
The evade
‘elakan’ technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an
attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the
opponent in fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his
defensive movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the
side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’, ducking ‘susup’ and
etc.
Self-Release:
Self-release
‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from
an opponent.
Block and Punch:
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or
leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the hand to
punch the opponent.
Block and Kick:
The blocking
technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and
followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent.
Block and Sweep:
The blocking
technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and
followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent.
Fake Punch:
An action which
a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break
his opponent’s defensive posture.
Fake Kick:
An action which
a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his
opponent defensive posture.
Others:
Both silat
exponents are either in posture position ‘sikap pasang’ or coming close to each
other using silat step pattern ‘pola langkah’.
All the activities are considered high intensity
except for others which at that time both silat exponents are in low intensity
periods.
RELIABILITY OF OBSERVATION
The author analysed all the
activities and simultaneously classified each change of motion in a single
match. Two observations were done separated by 48 hours. It requires
experienced silat practitioners to analyse the data as the movement of both
exponents is fast, needing close inspection. The classification of movement was
subjective with work being classified according to the instruction given by the
refers
3.0 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The
observation generated data will be frequency counted, a method of recording in
observational research in which the researcher records each occurrence clearly
defined behaviour within a certain time frame. All the raw data generated into
SPSS for more detailed analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using
Statistical Package for Social Scientists, version 14.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL).
4.0 RESULTS
Table 1: Men’s Class E Quarterfinals Indonesia
Versus Malaysia (Malaysia win)
Action
|
OUTCOME
|
|||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit target
|
Miss target
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
1
|
10
|
11
|
|
Block and kick
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
Block and punch
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
|
Block and sweep
|
||||
Kick
|
15
|
12
|
10
|
37
|
Fake kick
|
||||
Punch
|
11
|
20
|
15
|
26
|
Fake punch
|
||||
Self- release
|
1
|
1
|
||
Topple
|
3
|
3
|
||
Sweep
|
||||
Catch
|
4
|
2
|
2
|
8
|
Dodge
|
||||
Others
|
||||
Total
|
35
|
48
|
31
|
92
|
Group Statistics
|
|||||
group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
Std. Error Mean
|
|
score
|
Indonesia
|
3
|
11.6667
|
5.77350
|
3.33333
|
Malaysia
|
3
|
19.0000
|
7.93725
|
4.58258
|
Frequency profile of the 2 contestants
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Other
|
Total
|
Blue (Mas)
|
10
|
25
|
22
|
57
|
Red (Ina)
|
5
|
15
|
15
|
35
|
Total
|
15
|
40
|
37
|
92
|
NOTE: ‘Other’ here refer to other
activities than block and kick
Table 2: Men’s 70kg Class E Semi-final
Singapore Versus Malaysia (Malaysia Win)
Action
|
OUTCOME
|
|||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit target
|
Miss target
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
3
|
13
|
2
|
18
|
Block and kick
|
1
|
1
|
||
Block and punch
|
1
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
Block and sweep
|
7
|
7
|
||
Kick
|
20
|
10
|
9
|
39
|
Fake kick
|
7
|
5
|
12
|
|
Punch
|
10
|
19
|
9
|
38
|
Fake punch
|
1
|
1
|
||
Self- release
|
||||
Topple
|
3
|
6
|
4
|
13
|
Sweep
|
||||
Catch
|
||||
Dodge
|
1
|
1
|
||
Others
|
||||
Total
|
38
|
64
|
32
|
134
|
Group Statistics
|
|||||
group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
Std. Error Mean
|
|
score
|
Singapore
|
3
|
16.3333
|
13.05118
|
7.53510
|
Malaysia
|
3
|
28.3333
|
16.07275
|
9.27961
|
Frequency profile of the 2 contestants
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Other
|
Total
|
Blue (Mas)
|
10
|
40
|
35
|
85
|
Red (Sin)
|
4
|
15
|
30
|
49
|
Total
|
14
|
55
|
65
|
134
|
NOTE: ‘Other’ here refer to other
activities than block and kick
Table 3: Men’s 70kg Class E Final
Vietnam Versus Malaysia (Malaysia win)
Action
|
OUTCOME
|
|||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit target
|
Miss target
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
2
|
2
|
3
|
7
|
Block and kick
|
4
|
4
|
||
Block and punch
|
3
|
3
|
||
Block and sweep
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
|
Kick
|
28
|
10
|
30
|
68
|
Fake kick
|
||||
Punch
|
10
|
7
|
20
|
37
|
Fake punch
|
2
|
|||
Self- release
|
||||
Topple
|
10
|
10
|
||
Sweep
|
1
|
9
|
10
|
|
Catch
|
3
|
2
|
5
|
|
Dodge
|
3
|
3
|
||
Others
|
||||
Total
|
42
|
27
|
84
|
151
|
Group Statistics
|
|||||
group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
Std. Error Mean
|
|
score
|
Vietnam
|
3
|
22.0000
|
13.11488
|
7.57188
|
Malaysia
|
3
|
32.0000
|
29.44486
|
17.00000
|
Frequency profile of the 2 contestants
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Other
|
Total
|
Blue (Mas)
|
15
|
15
|
66
|
85
|
Red (Viet)
|
10
|
20
|
36
|
66
|
Total
|
25
|
35
|
102
|
151
|
NOTE: ‘other’ here refer to other
activities than block and kick
Table 4: Men’s - 85kg Class H Indonesia
Versus Malaysia (Malaysia Lost)
Action
|
OUTCOME
|
|||
Hit elsewhere
|
Hit target
|
Miss target
|
Total
|
|
Block
|
1
|
1
|
4
|
6
|
Block and kick
|
3
|
3
|
6
|
|
Block and punch
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
|
Block and sweep
|
5
|
5
|
||
Kick
|
25
|
15
|
30
|
70
|
Fake kick
|
||||
Punch
|
10
|
5
|
25
|
40
|
Fake punch
|
||||
Self- release
|
2
|
2
|
||
Topple
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
5
|
Sweep
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
|
Catch
|
1
|
|||
Dodge
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
|
Others
|
||||
Total
|
42
|
25
|
75
|
141
|
Group Statistics
|
|||||
group
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
Std. Error Mean
|
|
score
|
Indonesia
|
3
|
25.3333
|
24.84619
|
14.34496
|
Malaysia
|
3
|
21.6667
|
18.77054
|
10.83718
|
Frequency profile of the 2 contestants
Exponent
|
Block
|
Kick
|
Other
|
Total
|
Blue (Mas)
|
5
|
18
|
42
|
65
|
Red (Ina)
|
10
|
12
|
54
|
76
|
Total
|
15
|
30
|
96
|
141
|
NOTE: ‘other’ here refer to other
activities than block and kick
5.0 DISCUSSION
Table 1 shows
match Men’s Class E Quarterfinals Indonesia Versus Malaysia which Malaysia is
win. In this match, the winner is Malaysia. Basically, both contestants of this
countries show a good match. They was comprised of kick and punch actions. However,
the punches (9.6%) that hit the target was greater than kicks (5.76 %). The
data indicated that national silat exponent needs to be good both at punching
and kicking. Even though the frequency of punching is lower than kicking, the
high percentage of hitting the target showed that punching is the most
successful action for a silat exponent to get a point in competition.
Therefore, training should aim to develop punching ability and accuracy. There
were 34.04% of the 92 actions performed by the exponents were classified as
others actions. It can be assumed that anaerobic sources contribute to the
metabolic demands during the work spent performing high intensity activity such
as punching, kicking, blocking, dodging, catching, swiping and toppling. During
the low intensity activity both of the silat exponents were deemed to be
performing low activity actions such as “sikap pasang” posture or coming close
to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah”.
Table 2 shows
match Men’s 70kg Class E Semi-final Singapore Versus Malaysia. In this match,
the winner is Malaysia. . Basically, both contestants of this countries also
show a good match. They was comprised of kick and punch actions. This match
also the punches (12.16%) that hit the target was greater than kicks (6.4 %).
However, both of this contestants also show a good motion in their performance
such as in term of their blocking (8.32%) was successful hit the target of
their opponent. In addition, there were 87.1% of the 134 actions performed by
the exponents were classified as others actions. It can be assumed that
punching, kicking, blocking, dodging, catching, swiping and toppling is an
anaerobic sources contribute to the metabolic demands during the work spent
performing high intensity activity. Then, During the low intensity activity
both of the silat exponents were deemed to be performing low activity actions
such as coming close to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah” or
“sikap pasang” posture.
Table 3 shows
match Men’s 70kg Class E Final Vietnam Versus Malaysia (Malaysia win). In this
match, the winner is also Malaysia. This match also comparing between
contestants motion of kicking and punching. The contestant of Malaysia more
aggressive than the Vietnam contestants. Both of them, using the higher hit
target of kicking rather than punching which each is 25.2% and 16.8%.
Basically, both contestants of this contestant more careful when doing some
motion because each of the contestant want to hit target to their
opponents. In addition, there were 67.5%
of the 151 actions performed by the exponents were classified as others
actions. Therefore, during the low intensity activity both of the silat
exponents were deemed to be performing low activity actions such as coming
close to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah” or “sikap pasang”
posture. Other than that, the motion such as punching, kicking, blocking,
dodging, catching, swiping and toppling is an anaerobic sources contribute to
the metabolic demands during the work spent performing high intensity activity.
Table 4 shows
match Men’s - 85kg Class H Indonesia Versus Malaysia. In this match, the winner
is Indonesia. Basically, both contestants of this countries also show a good
match. They also was comprised of kick and punch actions. This match was the
kicks (3.75%) that hit the target was greater than punch (1.25 %). In addition,
there were 68.1% of the 141 actions performed by the exponents were classified
as others actions. It can be assumed that punching, kicking, blocking, dodging,
catching, swiping and toppling is an anaerobic sources contribute to the
metabolic demands during the work spent performing high intensity activity. During
the low intensity activity both of the silat exponents were deemed to be
performing low activity actions such as coming close to each other using silat
step pattern “pola langkah” or “sikap pasang” posture.
Anaerobic
sources contribute a major amount of the total energy required during high
intensity burst, thus aerobic metabolic is vital during the low intensity
activity to allow recovery. The aerobic sources contribute to the metabolic
demand during the others action (low intensity action) in a round of silat.
Therefore, the aerobic system needs to be specifically developed to help aid
recovery during the intermittent activity. Current study shows that there were
significantly different fighting styles between the two exponents. The blue
exponent was taller than then red exponent; and she used more kicks and was
responsible for 71.0% of the kicks (Table 3) made during the fight (match won
by the blue exponent). Thus, beside from silat techniques the results suggested
successful silat exponents tended to demonstrate high upper body isometric
strength (catch) and power (punch and block) and superior lower body strength
and power (kicks), endurance (repetition of kicks) and speed (kick velocity).
Moreover, it is advised that exponents should be well trained in understanding
the concept of distance in silat while receiving an attack. This is because failure
to understand the concept may result in injuries (e.g. using blocking when the
exponent should use dodge/ evading technique) during the silat match. Therefore,
it is important to develop skills that contribute to scoring points besides
developing the metabolic systems that involved in silat competition.
6.0 CONCLUSION
Post-event
analysis of hand notation indicates that the prototype system developed for
this study can be used to record and evaluate a silat match. The current study
has provided a great understanding of information for the silat by looking at
the activity involved in competition. Both of the exponents performed more high
intensity actions than low intensity actions (i.e. the frequency count).
However it is important to understand that high intensity actions will
contribute more in the score points (i.e. outcome that count) rather than low
intensity actions. There is also a range of frequency in attacking and
defensive activities used by both of the exponents. The winner (blue exponent)
used more kicks than the loser which may reflect greater skill or fitness or
both. However, it is still doubtful that these are the only factors that
influence the match. It is recommended that future studies determine the full
range of activities performed with movement classifications and the variation
of strikes that contribute to losing and winning the match.
REFERENCES
2. Http://www.jssm.org/research.php?Id=jssm-01-147.xml
4.
Shapie, M. N. M., Oliver, J.,
O’Donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2014). Fitness characteristics of youth silat
performers. Journal of Sports Science and
Medicine, 1, 147-155.
5. Abdul
Rashid Aziz, Benedict Tan, Kong Chuan Teh (2002). Physiological Responses
during
Matches and Profile of Elite Pencak Silat Exponentst. Journal of Sports Science
and Medicine, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 01, 147 – 155
6. Stark,
S. (2008). Pencak silat pertempuran: Stepping from stone to stone: Sean Stark.
7. Pencak
Silat Tanding Men's Class E Final VIE vs MAS (Day 9) | 28th SEA Games Singapore
2015
8. Pencak
Silat Tanding Men's Class H Final INA vs MAS (Day 9) | 28th SEA Games Singapore
2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltwEbsqToY0
9. Pencak
Silat Tanding Men's Class E Semi-Final SIN vs MAS (Day 8) | 28th SEA Games Singapore
2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L62CI3MJ-8A
10. Pencak
Silat Tanding Class E Men's Indonesia vs Malaysia (Day 7) | 28th SEA Games
Singapore 2015
12. International
Pencak Silat Federation (1999). Competition Regulations. Jakarta. International
Pencak Silat Federation
15. Http://www.culture-silat.fr/pencak-silat/le-silat-en-malaisie/
RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that those
developing conditioning elements of training programmes for silat athletes are
aware of the frequency and spread of durations of action and rest periods
within action periods. The implication from a coaching perspective of the types
and frequencies of strikes used would suggest that in training, a large
proportion of time needs to be utilised in development of kicking and blocking
as well as the conditioning of lower limbs in order to absorbs strikes and
resist fatigue during a match to being able to defend and counter attack
effectively. There is a limitation of this case study as the findings here only
represent one silat match, so the findings cannot be generalised to all silat
competition. However, the purpose of this study was to develop a system for
monitoring actions during a silat match. Furthermore, the system developed is
useful in future study in silat. This was the first study to provide
descriptive detailed information of a silat match, increasing the knowledge
base and providing a methodology that can be used in future research and by
coaches. Furthermore, the other sports where the frequency and duration of high
intensity activity periods fail to provide sufficient information to fully
characterise the demands of the sport.
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