THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WINNING AND LOSING IN SILAT 28TH 2015 SEA GAMES SINGAPORE (MALAYSIA MEN’S CLASS E AND H)

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Shapie, M. N. M (1,2) & YAKOB, R. (1)
1.Fakulti Sains Sukan dan Rekreasi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor.

ABSTRACT

This is study describing the relationship between winning and losing in silat 28th 2015 sea games Singapore during competitive matches like quarterfinal, semi-final and final and profile of elite silat exponent of a pencak silat. This study had been analyse between four different match with 4 different countries. Basically, this study more analyse to Malaysia team elite silat exponent which is men's class E and H.  Elite silat exponents’ physiological attributes were assessed this suggests that competitive silat matches are characterised by their motion categories like punch, kick, block, catch, topple, sweep, dodge, self-release, block and punch, block and kick, block and sweep, fake punch, fake kick and others. Generally, sport of pencak silat is same likes the others of martial art which used body posture and technique in performance but only different in term of their motion categories.

1.0       INTRODUCTION

Many Asian martial art forms are becoming popular in the Western hemisphere (Theeboom and De Knop, 1999). One form that is gaining international recognition is pencak silat, or simply silat. This art of self-defence is indigenous to the ethnic Malays and has its origins in South East Asia, dating as far back as the 13th century (Ku Ahmad and Wong, 1978). Historically, silat was practiced by the native people in their struggle against their colonial rulers. With the withdrawal of the latter, silat gradually turned into a cultural activity and was used for ceremonial and recreational purposes. This traditional art form had since been modified into a structured competitive sport. The sport’s world controlling body, the International Pencak Silat Federation includes member countries such as the US, Japan and many European nations (International Pencak Silat Federation, 1999).
The requirement and prescription of training programmes for sport especially pencak silat requires an understanding of the physiological requirements of the match. Various forms of time motion analyses have been used widely to estimate the nature of specific intermittent high intensity and low intensity activities as they relate to the energy requirements of the sports. Therefore, it is important to analyse the motion of pencak silat whether it more too high intensity or low intensity and relate to energy requirements in the match.

2.0       MATERIALS AND METHOD


Match analysis
A publicly available video recording for four silat match with different country can get from media social was used for the analysis. This four silat match was a men's class E and D. Subsequent player motion analysis was carried out with repeated the video sequences of the silat match. The video could be paused and played back frame-byframe for ease of use. Silat exponent motion was subjectively categorised by an experienced observational analyst for silat competition. Information could be entered into the computer system using a ‘Mouse’, via representation on the screen of the silat match, and specially designed screen functions for each exponent (red or blue), action and outcome for each activity. The commencement and completion of each individual action period was recorded and the duration was calculated by spreadsheet programming allowing durations (differences between action period end and start times) to be computed. The frequency and mean were subsequently calculated. An intra-operator reliability study of fights was undertaken to establish the reliability of the method.
Motion categories
Silat exponent’s motions were coded into 14 different types of categories and were defined as follows:

Punch:
The punch ‘tumbuk’ attack is done by a hand with a closed fist hitting the target. In silat punching is often used to fight the opponent. It can be a straight punch ‘tumbuk lurus’ or uppercut ‘sauk’ to the exponent body’s.

Kick:
The kick ‘tendang / terajang’ is an attacking movement which is performed with one leg or two legs simultaneously. A kick can be aimed at any target. It can be front kick ‘ tendang depan’, side-kick ‘depak’ or semi-circular side kick ‘tendang lengkar’.





Block:
The blocking movements begin with the posture position ‘sikap pasang’: the exponent stands straight with his hands around his body or close to his chest. Blocking or parrying ‘tangkisan’ can be done using arms, elbows and legs with the purpose to block off or striking back at any attack.

Catch:
The catch ‘tangkapan’ is done by using the hand to ob struct the opponent from carrying out an attack. The silat exponent is able to prevent himself from being attacked by pointing the attack which he has caught to another direction. A catch which twists or drags the opponent is forbidden. Also, a catch which could break the part which is being held such as the leg and waist is also forbidden. These regulations exist to protect the silat exponent’s.

Topple:
There are various ways of toppling down one’s opponent. For example, a silat exponent ‘pesilat’ can either push, shove the opponent’s back leg from the bag or from the side, shove, hit, kick, strike or punch to make the opponent lose his balance. Every fall is considered valid as long as the silat exponent topples his opponent down without wrestling or he is able to overpower the opponent whom he has brought down.
Sweep:
Swiping ‘sapuan’ involves attacking an opponent’s leg which are on the ground to unstabilise him and bring down to the ground. A silat exponent can perform this attacking movement either with his right or left leg, Hence, front sweep ‘sapuan depan’ is done by swinging the leg to the front to push an opponent’s front leg, while back sweep ‘sapuan belakang’ is carried out by swinging the leg backward to hit the back leg.

Evade/Dodge:
The evade ‘elakan’ technique is carried out by silat exponent when he tries to evade an attack. This technique does not require the silat exponent to touch the opponent in fending off the attack. They are many ways of carrying out his defensive movement such as dodging ‘gelek’, retreat ‘mundur’, evasion to the side ‘elak sisi’, bending ‘elak serung’, jumping ‘lonjak’, ducking ‘susup’ and etc.

Self-Release:
Self-release ‘lepas tangkapan’ technique is a technique to unlock any clinch or catch from an opponent.

Block and Punch:
 The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the hand to punch the opponent.

Block and Kick:
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using the leg to kick the opponent.

Block and Sweep:
The blocking technique is used to block any hand or leg attack from the opponent and followed by counter attack using sweeping technique to the opponent.

Fake Punch:
An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake punch to break his opponent’s defensive posture.

Fake Kick:
An action which a silat exponent intends to confuse the opponent using a fake kick to break his opponent defensive posture.

Others: 
Both silat exponents are either in posture position ‘sikap pasang’ or coming close to each other using silat step pattern ‘pola langkah’.
All the activities are considered high intensity except for others which at that time both silat exponents are in low intensity periods.



RELIABILITY OF OBSERVATION
The author analysed all the activities and simultaneously classified each change of motion in a single match. Two observations were done separated by 48 hours. It requires experienced silat practitioners to analyse the data as the movement of both exponents is fast, needing close inspection. The classification of movement was subjective with work being classified according to the instruction given by the refers

3.0       STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The observation generated data will be frequency counted, a method of recording in observational research in which the researcher records each occurrence clearly defined behaviour within a certain time frame. All the raw data generated into SPSS for more detailed analysis. Statistical analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Scientists, version 14.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL).

4.0       RESULTS


Table 1: Men’s Class E Quarterfinals Indonesia Versus Malaysia (Malaysia win)

Action

OUTCOME
Hit elsewhere
Hit target

Miss target

Total
Block
1
10

11
Block and kick
1
1
1
3
Block and punch
2
1

3
Block and sweep




Kick
15
12
10
37
Fake kick




Punch
11
20
15
26
Fake punch




Self- release
1


1
Topple


3
3
Sweep




Catch
4
2
2
8
Dodge




Others




Total
35
48
31
92


Group Statistics

group
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
score
Indonesia
3
11.6667
5.77350
3.33333
Malaysia
3
19.0000
7.93725
4.58258


Frequency profile of the 2 contestants
Exponent
Block
Kick
Other
Total
Blue (Mas)
10
25
22
57
Red (Ina)
5
15
15
35
Total
15
40
37
92
NOTE: ‘Other’ here refer to other activities than block and kick



Table 2: Men’s 70kg Class E Semi-final Singapore Versus Malaysia (Malaysia Win)

Action

OUTCOME
Hit elsewhere
Hit target

Miss target

Total
Block
3
13
2
18
Block and kick
1


1
Block and punch
1
2
1
4
Block and sweep

7

7
Kick
20
10
9
39
Fake kick

7
5
12
Punch
10
19
9
38
Fake punch


1
1
Self- release




Topple
3
6
4
13
Sweep




Catch




Dodge


1
1
Others




Total
38
64
32
134


Group Statistics

group
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
score
Singapore
3
16.3333
13.05118
7.53510
Malaysia
3
28.3333
16.07275
9.27961


Frequency profile of the 2 contestants
Exponent
Block
Kick
Other
Total
Blue (Mas)
10
40
35
85
Red (Sin)
4
15
30
49
Total
14
55
65
134
NOTE: ‘Other’ here refer to other activities than block and kick





Table 3: Men’s 70kg Class E Final Vietnam Versus Malaysia (Malaysia win)

Action

OUTCOME
Hit elsewhere
Hit target

Miss target

Total
Block
2
2
3
7
Block and kick


4
4
Block and punch


3
3
Block and sweep
2
2

4
Kick
28
10
30
68
Fake kick




Punch
10
7
20
37
Fake punch

2


Self- release




Topple


10
10
Sweep

1
9
10
Catch

3
2
5
Dodge


3
3
Others




Total
42
27
84
151


Group Statistics

group
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
score
Vietnam
3
22.0000
13.11488
7.57188
Malaysia
3
32.0000
29.44486
17.00000


Frequency profile of the 2 contestants
Exponent
Block
Kick
Other
Total
Blue (Mas)
15
15
66
85
Red (Viet)
10
20
36
66
Total
25
35
102
151
NOTE: ‘other’ here refer to other activities than block and kick





Table 4: Men’s - 85kg Class H Indonesia Versus Malaysia (Malaysia Lost)

Action

OUTCOME
Hit elsewhere
Hit target

Miss target
Total
Block
1
1
4
6
Block and kick
3

3
6
Block and punch

1
2
3
Block and sweep


5
5
Kick
25
15
30
70
Fake kick




Punch
10
5
25
40
Fake punch




Self- release


2
2
Topple
1
1
3
5
Sweep
1
1

2
Catch
1



Dodge

1
1
2
Others




Total
42
25
75
141


Group Statistics

group
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
score
Indonesia
3
25.3333
24.84619
14.34496
Malaysia
3
21.6667
18.77054
10.83718


Frequency profile of the 2 contestants
Exponent
Block
Kick
Other
Total
Blue (Mas)
5
18
42
65
Red (Ina)
10
12
54
76
Total
15
30
96
141
NOTE: ‘other’ here refer to other activities than block and kick

5.0       DISCUSSION

Table 1 shows match Men’s Class E Quarterfinals Indonesia Versus Malaysia which Malaysia is win. In this match, the winner is Malaysia. Basically, both contestants of this countries show a good match. They was comprised of kick and punch actions. However, the punches (9.6%) that hit the target was greater than kicks (5.76 %). The data indicated that national silat exponent needs to be good both at punching and kicking. Even though the frequency of punching is lower than kicking, the high percentage of hitting the target showed that punching is the most successful action for a silat exponent to get a point in competition. Therefore, training should aim to develop punching ability and accuracy. There were 34.04% of the 92 actions performed by the exponents were classified as others actions. It can be assumed that anaerobic sources contribute to the metabolic demands during the work spent performing high intensity activity such as punching, kicking, blocking, dodging, catching, swiping and toppling. During the low intensity activity both of the silat exponents were deemed to be performing low activity actions such as “sikap pasang” posture or coming close to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah”.
Table 2 shows match Men’s 70kg Class E Semi-final Singapore Versus Malaysia. In this match, the winner is Malaysia. . Basically, both contestants of this countries also show a good match. They was comprised of kick and punch actions. This match also the punches (12.16%) that hit the target was greater than kicks (6.4 %). However, both of this contestants also show a good motion in their performance such as in term of their blocking (8.32%) was successful hit the target of their opponent. In addition, there were 87.1% of the 134 actions performed by the exponents were classified as others actions. It can be assumed that punching, kicking, blocking, dodging, catching, swiping and toppling is an anaerobic sources contribute to the metabolic demands during the work spent performing high intensity activity. Then, During the low intensity activity both of the silat exponents were deemed to be performing low activity actions such as coming close to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah” or “sikap pasang” posture.
Table 3 shows match Men’s 70kg Class E Final Vietnam Versus Malaysia (Malaysia win). In this match, the winner is also Malaysia. This match also comparing between contestants motion of kicking and punching. The contestant of Malaysia more aggressive than the Vietnam contestants. Both of them, using the higher hit target of kicking rather than punching which each is 25.2% and 16.8%. Basically, both contestants of this contestant more careful when doing some motion because each of the contestant want to hit target to their opponents.  In addition, there were 67.5% of the 151 actions performed by the exponents were classified as others actions. Therefore, during the low intensity activity both of the silat exponents were deemed to be performing low activity actions such as coming close to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah” or “sikap pasang” posture. Other than that, the motion such as punching, kicking, blocking, dodging, catching, swiping and toppling is an anaerobic sources contribute to the metabolic demands during the work spent performing high intensity activity.
Table 4 shows match Men’s - 85kg Class H Indonesia Versus Malaysia. In this match, the winner is Indonesia. Basically, both contestants of this countries also show a good match. They also was comprised of kick and punch actions. This match was the kicks (3.75%) that hit the target was greater than punch (1.25 %). In addition, there were 68.1% of the 141 actions performed by the exponents were classified as others actions. It can be assumed that punching, kicking, blocking, dodging, catching, swiping and toppling is an anaerobic sources contribute to the metabolic demands during the work spent performing high intensity activity. During the low intensity activity both of the silat exponents were deemed to be performing low activity actions such as coming close to each other using silat step pattern “pola langkah” or “sikap pasang” posture.
            Anaerobic sources contribute a major amount of the total energy required during high intensity burst, thus aerobic metabolic is vital during the low intensity activity to allow recovery. The aerobic sources contribute to the metabolic demand during the others action (low intensity action) in a round of silat. Therefore, the aerobic system needs to be specifically developed to help aid recovery during the intermittent activity. Current study shows that there were significantly different fighting styles between the two exponents. The blue exponent was taller than then red exponent; and she used more kicks and was responsible for 71.0% of the kicks (Table 3) made during the fight (match won by the blue exponent). Thus, beside from silat techniques the results suggested successful silat exponents tended to demonstrate high upper body isometric strength (catch) and power (punch and block) and superior lower body strength and power (kicks), endurance (repetition of kicks) and speed (kick velocity). Moreover, it is advised that exponents should be well trained in understanding the concept of distance in silat while receiving an attack. This is because failure to understand the concept may result in injuries (e.g. using blocking when the exponent should use dodge/ evading technique) during the silat match. Therefore, it is important to develop skills that contribute to scoring points besides developing the metabolic systems that involved in silat competition.

6.0       CONCLUSION

Post-event analysis of hand notation indicates that the prototype system developed for this study can be used to record and evaluate a silat match. The current study has provided a great understanding of information for the silat by looking at the activity involved in competition. Both of the exponents performed more high intensity actions than low intensity actions (i.e. the frequency count). However it is important to understand that high intensity actions will contribute more in the score points (i.e. outcome that count) rather than low intensity actions. There is also a range of frequency in attacking and defensive activities used by both of the exponents. The winner (blue exponent) used more kicks than the loser which may reflect greater skill or fitness or both. However, it is still doubtful that these are the only factors that influence the match. It is recommended that future studies determine the full range of activities performed with movement classifications and the variation of strikes that contribute to losing and winning the match.                 

REFERENCES


2.      Http://www.jssm.org/research.php?Id=jssm-01-147.xml
4.      Shapie, M. N. M., Oliver, J., O’Donoghue, P., & Tong, R. (2014). Fitness characteristics of youth silat performers. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 1, 147-155.
5.      Abdul Rashid Aziz, Benedict Tan, Kong Chuan Teh (2002). Physiological Responses
during Matches and Profile of Elite Pencak Silat Exponentst. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 01, 147 – 155
6.      Stark, S. (2008). Pencak silat pertempuran: Stepping from stone to stone: Sean Stark.
7.      Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class E Final VIE vs MAS (Day 9) | 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015
8.      Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class H Final INA vs MAS (Day 9) | 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltwEbsqToY0
9.      Pencak Silat Tanding Men's Class E Semi-Final SIN vs MAS (Day 8) | 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L62CI3MJ-8A
10.  Pencak Silat Tanding Class E Men's Indonesia vs Malaysia (Day 7) | 28th SEA Games Singapore 2015
12.  International Pencak Silat Federation (1999). Competition Regulations. Jakarta. International Pencak Silat Federation
15.  Http://www.culture-silat.fr/pencak-silat/le-silat-en-malaisie/


RECOMMENDATION

It is recommended that those developing conditioning elements of training programmes for silat athletes are aware of the frequency and spread of durations of action and rest periods within action periods. The implication from a coaching perspective of the types and frequencies of strikes used would suggest that in training, a large proportion of time needs to be utilised in development of kicking and blocking as well as the conditioning of lower limbs in order to absorbs strikes and resist fatigue during a match to being able to defend and counter attack effectively. There is a limitation of this case study as the findings here only represent one silat match, so the findings cannot be generalised to all silat competition. However, the purpose of this study was to develop a system for monitoring actions during a silat match. Furthermore, the system developed is useful in future study in silat. This was the first study to provide descriptive detailed information of a silat match, increasing the knowledge base and providing a methodology that can be used in future research and by coaches. Furthermore, the other sports where the frequency and duration of high intensity activity periods fail to provide sufficient information to fully characterise the demands of the sport.





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